UBA2 and infection: As shown in Figure 1A, infection of PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages with L. donovani promastigotes significantly upregulated the expression levels of SUMO-1, SUMO-2/3, UBA2, and UBC9 by ≥2-fold, while a significant downregulation of SENP1 was observed at 48 h post-infection at the transcript level.