MAPK3 and cardiac hypertrophy: In a previous study by Deng et al. (2013), I3C was found to inhibit cardiac remodeling through activation of 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPK-α) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) (Deng et al., 2013), two molecules whose activation may protect the heart from ischemic injury and pressure overload-induced ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction (Russell et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2008).