TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In addition to infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and sacituzumab, all of which target tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), a growing number of biologics are used in the clinical treatment of IBD, such as ustekinumab that targets the shared p40 subunit of IL-12/23 and vedolizumab that target the alpha4beta7 integrin, etc. (Danese et al., 2015; Coskun et al., 2017; Moschen et al., 2019).