Likewise, TNFα-targeting biologics also enhanced the number and function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood and lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa during IBD treatment (Ricciardelli et al., 2008; Boschetti et al., 2011; Li et al., 2015), having a synergistic effect with FMT (Figure 3C). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.