INS and newborn respiratory distress syndrome: There were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups with respect to perinatal clinical data, including gestational age at delivery, weight gain during pregnancy, neonatal birth weight, or in terms of rates of insulin use, shoulder dystocia, preterm birth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), low-birth-weight infants, small for gestational age, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and neonatal hypoglycemia (Table 5).