PAX3 and Hydrocephalus: In 2016, Misuraca et al. reported the onset of hydrocephalus in a similar model of DIPG using Pax3-Tv-a mice following DF-1 cell injection into the cerebral cortex, however hydrocephalus has not been studied in detail in pontine DIPG mouse models.26 Hydrocephalus in our model was defined by ventricle size >3 mm3 on MR imaging 3–4 weeks after DF-1 cell injection in the pons, however almost all mice had an increase in ventricular size.