SPDL1 and Sepsis: The results of our study are as follows: (i) sPD-L1 was increased in the cohort of sepsis patients versus control patients; (ii) sPD-L1 correlated with PD-L1-mRNA in whole blood; (iii) sPD-L1 displayed significant potential as a sepsis biomarker due to its association with adverse outcomes; (iv) sPD-L1 correlated positively with mRNA markers of neutrophil granulocytes and negatively with mRNA markers of T-lymphocytes; and (v) contrary to sPD-L1, sPD-1 levels varied arbitrarily in both urosepsis and control patients.