For example, Zhao et al. found that SMC4 knockdown reduced migration and/or invasion of cancer cells and that outlier expression of the gene was significantly associated with poor PCa prognosis45, and Jiang et al. showed that overexpression of SMC4 activated TGFβ/Smad signaling and promoted an aggressive phenotype in glioma cells44. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is central nervous system cancer.