The proportion of peripheral CD14-expressing monocytes was found to be elevated in COVID-19 patients while the non-classical CD16 monocytes decrease (Figure 5E); yet these peripherally circulating monocytes did not clearly recapitulate the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF signatures found in local monocytes/macrophages from the BALF samples (Figure 5F). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.