TNF and COVID-19: Despite the long interval between acute infection and blood sampling of 8 months, participants with prior COVID-19 showed patterns of systemic cytokine deregulation also found in acute COVID-19 or early recovery,37 including TNF (TNF-α), LTA (TNF-β), IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, and interferon (IFN)-α2 (Figure 2D).