ACTA1 and neoplasm: ,10 CAFs have also been shown to influence the immune cell infiltrate and response to chemotherapy in a range of tumors.11, 12, 13 In general, the tumor-promoting properties of CAFs have been associated with the alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive, activated myofibroblast phenotype observed in cancer, fibrosis, and wound healing.14, 15, 16 CAF-targeting strategies have mostly focused on the effectors of CAF tumor promotion including cell signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules.