These populations primarily consisted of unswitched naive B cells (Figure 2M) (on average, 69% and 60% IgM+IgD+ cells for controls and IBD groups, respectively), with fewer than 2 antibody-secreting plasmablasts per million total B cells (Figure 3A), as expected in individuals who had never been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.