CXCR4 and lung carcinoma: Spano et al. [12] and Wanger et al. [27] found that strong nuclear CXCR4 staining was associated with a better outcome in lung cancer, whereas cytomembrane CXCR4 staining was significantly associated with decreased DFS in Wagner’s study The prognostic role of cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression has not reached a consensus.