In nonmalignant epithelial cells with intact TGF-β pathway signaling, TGF-β is antiproliferative, and neutralization is expected to result in decreased tumor cell phosphorylated SMAD2 (p-SMAD2), p-SMAD3, and p21 and increased Ki67 (a marker of proliferation) (18). The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is neoplasm.