HMGB1 and neoplasm: Tumor overexpression of the alarmin, HMGB1, and subsequent activation of RAGE signaling induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-8, as well the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1, and E-selectin) through NF-kB activation in ECs, thus stimulating EC proliferation and sprouting in vitro and neovascularization in vivo [147].