However, modulation of miR-451a using miR-451a inhibitor or miR-451a mimic did not result in any change in CHOP expression in JEV-infected SH-SY5Y (Fig. 4D) and WNV-infected n-2A cells (Fig. 4E), thus ruling out the possibility that miR-451a promotes apoptosis upon infection in a CHOP-dependent fashion. Here, DDIT3 is linked to infection.