In observational analyses, men with higher circulating IGF-II and IGFBP-3 had an elevated risk of overall prostate cancer (OR per 1-SD increment = 1.06: 95% CI 1.02, 1.11; P = 0.01; and 1.08: 1.04, 1.11; P <0.0001, respectively). The gene discussed is IGFBP3; the disease is Familial prostate cancer.