The mRNA expression levels of CCL1/5/7/11/17/19/20/22/25 chemokines were found to be elevated in primary tumors compared to normal specimens, while CCL2/3/4/8/13/14/15/16/18/21/23/24/28 were significantly downregulated in tumor samples (Fig. 1a). Here, CCL2 is linked to neoplasm.