HMGB1 and neoplasm: Further studies concluded that the number of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, natural killer cells (NK cells), and M1 macrophages increased in tumors that underwent pyroptosis, while the number of monocytes, neutrophils, MDSCs, and M2 macrophages decreased.29 Along with increased levels of IL-1β, IL-18, and HMGB1, many effector genes for immunostimulatory and antitumor effects were upregulated, whereas various effector genes for immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting effects were downregulated.29