It has been demonstrated by Lin X et al. that ROS may stimulate an invasive phenotype in TAMs derived from melanoma through the secretion of TNFα.343 Researchers have found several mitochondrial genes highly expressed in TAMs derived from melanomas, indicating ROS is the major cause of oxidative stress within TAMs.334 To sum up, the key mechanisms of ROS involved in TME in modulating tumor immunity remain to be unknown, which need more research. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and melanoma.