GSDMD and infection: In typical and atypical pyroptosis pathways, CASP1/4/5/11 has been reported for GSDMD cleavage.107,108 Under particular circumstances, apoptosis-dependent CASP8 can directly cleave GSDMD, which triggers pyroptosis.110 CASP8-dependent cleavage of GSDMD promotes host defense against infection while also enhances tumor necrosis factor (TNF) lethality.111 In addition, GSDME can be cleaved by CASP3/8, thereby converting non-inflammatory apoptosis to pyroptosis.