TGFB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in the Early Tx group than the Late Tx group at the 6-month (P = 0.038) and 12-month (P = 0.016) follow-ups (Additional file 1: Table S10, Fig. 7e), which indicated a successful shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines following MSC transplantation in newly diagnosed T1D patients.