EPHB4 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: In contrast, we noticed a significant decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines such as MIP-1β, IP-10/CXCL10, and GM-CSF (Fig. 7c, e) known to shape the TME by enhancing Teff cell chemotaxis, and activation37,38, suggesting that EphB4 loss on cancer cells induces an immunosuppressive phenotype in HNSCC.