In contrast, we noticed a significant decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines such as MIP-1β, IP-10/CXCL10, and GM-CSF (Fig. 7c, e) known to shape the TME by enhancing Teff cell chemotaxis, and activation37,38, suggesting that EphB4 loss on cancer cells induces an immunosuppressive phenotype in HNSCC. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.