H&E staining of the bladder cancer showed a decrease in tumor volume (Fig. 6C).In addition, multi-colour flow cytometric analysis confirms that treatment with anti-CD38 antibodies reduces the proportion of infiltrating CD38+ TAMs (Fig. 6D-E) and increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells in bladder cancer tissue (Fig. 6F-G). Here, CD38 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.