In contrast, among patients with cryptorchidism and abrogated mini-puberty, who are at high risk of developing azoospermia, we observed a weak increase in CREB1 and ATF2 (CREB2) expression levels, compared to the low infertility risk group (LIR), and the CREB3 and CREB5 expression levels remained unaltered (Table 1). The gene discussed is CREB1; the disease is cryptorchidism.