INS and retinal disorder: Table 2 shows that DD associated significantly with overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, longer duration of diabetes (>10 years), insulin-containing medications, multiple diabetic complications (particularly retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral vascular diseases), multiple chronic comorbidities, the higher levels of HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides, and the existence of family history of DM.