The differences in methylation levels between GDM and control groups in the pyrosequencing validation study (n=47 GDM-control pairs) and Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (850K) study are in the same direction for all the four DMPs in the three genes (WSCD2, PDE1C, and PCDHB15) (Table S1), although the methylation differences between the two groups did not reach statistical significance in the pyrosequencing study. Here, PDE1C is linked to gestational diabetes.