TNF and Sepsis: In the early stage of sepsis, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS or IFN-γ activate toll-Like receptors (TLRs) and downstream signaling pathways, induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, and promotes myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration (Liu et al., 2017).