Furthermore, NRF2 can inhibit EMT in a variety of ways: for example, transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-1)-induced ROS and EMT generation are attenuated by NRF2 through downregulation of HMGB1 (a novel EMT mediator) (Qu et al., 2019), and NRF2 attenuates EMT and fibrosis by downregulating SNAIL (a significant transcription factor implicated in EMT) expression in IPF (Zhou et al., 2016). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.