TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Macrophages are the major producers of TNF-α and interestingly are also highly responsive to TNF-α (Parameswaran and Patial, 2010).There is increasing evidence reinforcing that TNF-α plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD (Targan et al., 1997; D'Haens et al., 1999; Rutgeerts et al., 1999).