TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In addition, the lack of response in patients with IBD to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy was found to be related to a defect in the IL-10 signaling pathway, which is crucial for biologics-induced macrophages skewing toward M2 subsets (Vos et al., 2012; Roda et al., 2016; Koelink et al., 2020).