MTOR and cancer: Medvetz et al. (2014) screened 6,700 compounds against mTOR and found that CHE had the most substantial killing effect on mTORC1-overactive cells, inducing autophagy by inhibiting mTORC1 and increasing AMPK (Kim et al., 2011), which forms autophagosomes and converts LC3I to LC3II (Tanida et al., 2008; Mah and Ryan, 2011; Si et al., 2020). Likewise, CHE has been shown to enhance the expression of LC3-II in NSCLC A549 and NCI-H1299 cells (Tang et al., 2017). In addition, ROS can trigger prodeath or prosurvival autophagy in cancer cells (Chen et al., 2008).