TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: There are corresponding preclinical candidate drugs for IPF that target different steps of the TGF-β pathways, including the synthesis, receptor binding, and downstream signal transduction (Ong et al., 2021), but no drug specifically for the TGF-β pathway has been approved due to the side effects of anti-TGF-β treatment (systemic autoimmune, cardiac valve problems, and carcinogenesis) (Henderson et al., 2020).