Importantly, urine VCAM-1 and ALCAM showed excellent ability in discriminating renal disease activity among active SLE patients (with sensitivity and specificity vales ranging from 78-92%), whereas urine PF4 displayed good performance in this respect (AUC 0.778, P =0.001), as indicated in Table 3 and Figure 3. Here, PF4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.