Subsequent immune checkpoint analyses revealed that the expressions of CD274, CTLA4, PDCD1, and LAG3 in the high-risk group were significantly higher than those of the low-risk group, suggesting that the high expression of related genes might be one of the reasons that affected GBM treatment and prognosis (Supplementary Figure 6F–I), which was also consistent with previous reports on the correlation between those four genes and the glioblastoma prognosis (Andrews et al., 2020; Du et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021; Bi et al., 2022; Preddy et al., 2022). Here, PDCD1 is linked to glioblastoma.