INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: One category is based on obesity phenotypes such as BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat content; the other category is based on concomitant metabolic markers such as blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); in addition, some scholars have used homeostasis models to assess insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity (Matthias, 2020).