Parte et al. also compared the two groups (asthenospermia with normospermia) with Nano LC-MS and identified 66 phosphoproteins differentially regulated in asthenospermia (39 upregulated: prostate-specific antigen (PSA), ubiquitin, and 27 downregulated: SPANXB1, ODF1, PIP, AKAP4). This evidence concerns the gene PIP and Reduced sperm motility.