Specifically, it was found that PSMA3 (proteasome subunit alpha type 3), HSPA2 (heat shock 70 kDa related protein), TUBB2C (tubulin beta-2C chain), TEKT1 (tektin I), and one of Mr ~33kDa and pL ~5.7 protein were lower in patients with asthenospermia, while TPIS (triose-phosphate isomerase), GKP2 (testis-specific glycerol kinase 2), and OXCTI (succinyl-CoA:30ketoacid co-enzyme A transferase I, mitochondrial precursor) were higher in patients with asthenospermia than in patients with normospermia. Here, PSMA3 is linked to Reduced sperm motility.