CD19 and Autoimmunity: B1 B cells (CD19+CD11b+) cells, which are implicated in innate defense against mucosal pathogens and autoimmunity development [39, 46], were increased in both WT-CIA + ODE and DR4-CIA + ODE mice, but most notably in DR4-CIA + ODE mice (+ 1.8-fold increase compared to WT-CIA + ODE, p < 0.01).