TLR4 and infection: We performed infection experiments to confirm that BaraA-like genes were immune-inducible in the diverse species D. melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura, D. willistoni, D. virilis, and D. neotesteacea (last common ancestor ~47mya [30]) with Micrococcus luteus and Candida albicans, two microbes that stimulate the Toll pathway (Fig 1A).