IRF9 and pneumonia: Other reported monogenic IEI defects with severe viral susceptibility include influenza virus infection (IRF7,IRF9,STAT1, andSTAT2) [95,96] , varicella-zoster virus (VZV) pneumonia (MCM4,CTPS1, andFCGR3A)[97], human papillomavirus severe warts (GATA2,TMC6,TMC8,CIB1, andCXCR4)[98], side-effects of vaccination with attenuated viruses (IFNAR1,IFNAR2,STAT2, andIRF9) and more recently, life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 infection (TLR3,TLR7,IFNAR1,IFNAR2,IRF7,IRF9,TICAM1,TBK1 andIRF3) [9,99–102] .