CXCR4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Although blocking CXCR4 reduces fibrosis and increases T cell infiltration in some desmoplastic tumor types (Chen et al., 2019), in highly vascular HCC after relapse from AAT, blocking CXCR4 alleviated immunosuppressive cell recruitment and angiogenesis resistance mechanisms to some extent (Chen et al., 2015).