TNF and Sepsis: Regarding the underlying mechanisms of sepsis, recent evidence suggests that endothelial cell degeneration, enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and tight junction protein loss promote and trigger the influx of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, into the brain (Gao and Hernandes, 2021; Gu et al., 2021; Manabe and Heneka, 2021).