Previous studies revealed that the production of lipid metabolites (diacylglycerol), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and cellular stress, including oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, may contribute to FFA-induced insulin resistance (13, 14). Here, CCL2 is linked to Insulin resistance.