VEGFA and breast carcinoma: Our study demonstrated that BSSs promoted the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the upregulation of VEGF and Cyclin D1 expression through the HIF1-α/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which accelerated the formation of hypoxia and the immunosuppressive microenvironment, thus promoting the growth and metastasis of tumor cells (Figure 6).