- Impaired lymphocyte function- Neutropenia- Increased risk of infection due to the immunosuppressed status- Decrease in white cell count caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy- Expansion of immunosuppressive myeloid cells via elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines- Dampened CD8+ T cell function, caused by extracellular vesicles released from B cells in response to chemotherapy- Activation of pro-inflammatory processes caused by major surgeries- Reduction in numbers of tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells and lymphocytes after surgeries. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.