ESR1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: - Hyperglycemia weakens the host’s defense system, compromising lymphopaenia, granulocyte, and macrophage function- Hyperglycemia increases pulmonary vascular inflammation and permeability- T2DM shows a decrease in immune-effective T cells and increase in immune-suppressive T cells- Higher levels of serum-based biomarkers (IL-6, ESR, CRP, serum ferritin)- T1DM has a dysregulated Treg response with defects of Treg activation-T2DM has an extremely active Th17 response- A sustained increase in proinflammatory cytokines can be seen in both T1DM and T2DM