TGFB1 and cancer: Additionally, several other factors such as TMB (33), MSI (34), somatic copy-number alterations (35), T cell signaling (36), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genotype (37), and TGFβ signaling (20) have been shown to correlate with the clinical outcome of ICIs therapy, based on molecular profiling of cancers treated with different immunotherapies.