TNF and channelopathy: There is increasing experimental evidence supporting the effects of inflammatory cytokines (mainly tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) on cardiac ion channels, and this specific type of channelopathy is termed inflammatory cardiac channelopathy (Lazzerini et al., 2018, 2019).