ADA and neoplasm: Thus, the trimodal therapy (nano-immunocomplex treatment) promotes obvious increments of immune effector cells (1.9- and 1.1-folds for matured DCs and effector TILs respectively, Fig. 5a–c, i) and remarkable decreases of immune suppressor cells (51.3, 83.3, and 50.0% for Tregs, M2 Macs and MDSCs respectively, Fig. 5j–q) compared to the bimodal therapy (synergistic aPD-L1 and ADA treatment), leading to the effective inhibition of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence (Fig. 4).