Many studies have also suggested that Vitamin D status could alter the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by its immuno-modulatory functions, which can affect cytokines release such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-12 from peripheral mononuclear cells, which in turn can induce CNS neuro-inflammation and cognitive dysfunction. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and inflammatory response.