TNF and neoplasm: For instance, NF-ĸB-mediated factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL10) can protect against apoptosis, and pro-angiogenic growth factors (such as VEGF or PDGF, TGF-β and FGF) that adapt tissue architecture and support tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis (34, 35).