TNF and cancer: For lung cancer, TNFα enhances the nuclear transcriptional activation of NF-κB p65 in human lung cancer A549 cells (Figure 5D), which could further promote proliferation, migration, invasion, progression and/or metastasis, involving in change of gene expressions and genetic variations in lung cancer and other cancer as reported previously from our and other laboratories (Athie et al., 2020; Ji et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2015).