INS and gestational diabetes: According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), there are three main classes of Diabetes mellitus (DM): type 1 DM (DM1), which is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta (β)-cells, usually causing insulin deficiency; type 2 DM (DM2) that is characterized by the progressive loss of insulin secretion by β-cells, leading to insulin resistance as a background; and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) that is diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy, in which the diabetes is not manifested before pregnancy (ADA, 2021b).