MAPK3 and endometrial cancer: TGF-β1 was found to induce cell migration through activation of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways [25, 26], as well as migration of type II endometrial cancer cells through activation of SMAD and ERK1/2 pathways [27], and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of human lung cancer cells through PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK1/2 signaling [28].