While high titers of anti-SSA/Ro52 and 60 IgG and IgA isotypes were present in all the mothers of affected offspring and absent in the healthy controls, there were no statistically significant differences in titer levels between mothers who were in the Asym/UAS group compared to the SS/SLE group (data not shown). Here, TRIM21 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.