As shown in Figure 3A,B, the KEGG pathways enriched with obviously upregulated genes in the submerged culture versus the ALI control group included the TNF signaling pathway, the IL‐17 signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the HIF‐1 signaling pathway, whereas the KEGG pathways enriched with downregulated genes included systemic lupus erythematosus, cell cycle, and alcoholism pathways, among others. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.